Miles, M. 2007-08. “Disability and Deafness in East Asia: Social and Educational Responses, from Antiquity to Recent Times. A bibliography of European-language materials with introduction and some annotation.” (This work revises and greatly extends an earlier bibliography on the former History of Education website at the Catholic University of Nijmegen). Internet publication URLs: http://independentliving.org/docs7/miles200708.html and http://independentliving.org/docs7/miles200708.pdf

The bibliography introduces and lists 900 articles, chapters and books connected with social and educational responses to disability, deafness and mental disorders in China, Korea and Japan, from antiquity to 2007, some with annotation.

Other documents by M. Miles

(PDF, 668 KB)

DISABILITY AND DEAFNESS IN EAST ASIA:  SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL RESPONSES, FROM ANTIQUITY TO RECENT TIMES. A bibliography of European-language materials with introduction and some annotation.   Revised Version 4.0, August 2007.

M. Miles, compiler and annotator
(West Midlands, UK)

KEYWORDS:  China, Japan, Korea, East Asia, impairment, disability, deafness, mental disorder, history, education, social responses, rehabilitation, welfare, bibliography.

CONTENTS

1.0     INTRODUCTION
          1.1  Provenance
          1.2  Respectful Bow to History
          1.3  Limitations
          1.4  Materials by Period & Type
          1.5  Cultural Interpretation
          1.6  Some Dates for Blind People
          1.7  Technical Notes on the Bibliography
          1.8  Acknowledgements
          1.9  Main Abbreviations & Symbols
2.0     ITEMS CONCERNING 1949 to 2007
3.0     ITEMS CONCERNING 1750 to 1948 (Non-Missionary)
4.0     MISSIONARY & ASSOCIATED WRITING (1830s to 1948)
5.0     ITEMS FROM, OR ON, ANTIQUITY to 1750
6.0     (HISTORICAL RAGBAG OF SOUTH-EAST ASIAN DISABILITY)

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Some  900  items are listed, in four main sections, by period and by type as shown in the Contents List.

1.1  Provenance
An earlier version of this bibliography listing 400 items was kindly hosted at a social science faculty website of the Catholic University of Nijmegen (KUN) from 1999 to 2006, and it was not feasible to update it during the 2000s. The KUN was recently reorganised to become the Radboud University, and the old site ceased to function. The bibliography originally listed only material concerned with history (up to 1950). It has now been revised and updated with about 500 further items and some fresh annotation, taking account of disability-related developments up to 2007. Some older material that concerned ordinary childhood has been omitted, yet a little is retained for its intrinsic interest.

1.2  Respectful Bow to History
A bibliography on disability and social responses in East Asia may appropriately start with a respectful bow to  Hokiichi Hanawa  (1746-1821), son of a humble farmer, who lost his eyesight in early childhood. He acquired some education, became a notable professor of literature, and was one of the founders of modern bibliographical work in Japan. He spent many years compiling the Gunsho Ruiju (Classified Collection of Japanese Classics) in 530 volumes containing over 1,200 books and documents, for the benefit of his sighted compatriots.

Composition of some of the great Chinese classics has also been associated with disability, whether physical, social or emotional, according to Szuma Ch'ien, imperial Grand Historian at the start of the first century BC:  “Where the Earl of the West was imprisoned at Yu-li, he expanded the Changes; Confucius was in distress and he made the Spring and Autumn Annals; Ch'ü Yüan was banished and he composed his poem “Encountering Sorrow”; after Tso Ch'iu lost his sight he composed the Narrative of the States; when Sun Tzu had his feet amputated he set forth the Art of War; [etc]”. (Quoted in de Bary et al, 1960, I: 234)  When he wrote this Ssu-ma Ch'ien himself faced a mutilating punishment.

1.3  Limitations
With humble apologies, it is admitted that the present bibliography lists merely European-language (mostly English) references. Many have been written by foreigners, often with cultural and conceptual limitations, misunderstandings, and urban / coastal / missionary biases. The compiler's feeble excuse is that, for most people outside East Asia who wish to learn something about the socio-historical and educational background to disability in China, Japan and Korea, materials in European languages will be most readily accessible. Those whose appetite is sharpened by such materials may then progress to learning to read materials in the major regional languages, where they will no doubt gain much enlightenment.

Magazine and newspaper items are mostly excluded from the bibliography, as are purely biomedical papers. Some medical and psychiatric materials do appear where they have some social content or discussion or historical implication. 'Educational and social' concern with disability is understood to include a wide range of items suggesting public or private attitudes towards disabled persons, and also the background of childhood, child-rearing, play and early education, deprivation and abuse, poverty and philanthropy, so far as it can be discovered.

1.4  Materials by Period & Type

1.4.1  Concerning 1949 to 2007.  Out of a considerable and growing modern literature arising within a population amounting to a quarter of the world (1.5 billion people), the 350 items now listed in this new 'modern' section are merely a sample across a range of fields that happened to attract the compiler's notice and interest. The original bibliography ended in 1950, and could now perhaps begin to claim some 'perspective of history'. Since that time there have of course been colossal changes in China, and in Chinese contacts with the western world. Vast changes have occurred in Japan and Korea, the latter also being divided into North and South. (In this 1949-2007 section, listed items almost entirely refer to South Korea). These countries now occupy a more substantial place in the knowledge and imagination of the rest of the world. While updating the historical parts of the bibliography, it became impossible to ignore more recent work that is both interesting in itself and builds on and illuminates the historical roots. If it is true that one can hardly understand the present without studying the past, it is also true that the past tends to be understood mainly through the lenses of the present. Artificial divisions can hardly be maintained.  Most of the comments below, concerning earlier periods, apply equally well to this section.

Periodisation?  The period divisions are purely pragmatic. When one contemplates the (mostly unwritten) history of disabled and deaf people, and of social responses to disability in whatever region of the world, it is clear that history divided according to the dates of dynasties, kings and wars has had little or no effect on the lives of people with disabilities or deafness. The roar of battle, the destruction of cities, the pomp and show of monarchs, the erection of palaces or pyramids, have added some fresh dead or damaged bodies and minds to the toll exacted by famine, flood, disease or natural disaster; but the dates of those events are practically meaningless in the slow accumulation of milestones and significant events in disability history.

This 'modern' period of 1949 to 2007 obviously starts with the change of regime in China -- but it is also nearly 60 years, which represents perhaps a kind of average time span that remains alive and important in individual human memory, i.e. from about the age of 10, when children begin to notice, beyond their immediate family, some events and ways of living which later they will understand in an adult way, through to the age of 70, when some of their generation have already died, mental powers may be declining (with, of course, some exceptions), and interest in what is supposedly 'new' may increasingly be replaced by reflections on the past and what their lives have meant.

Items written in the modern period, relating to an earlier period, are mostly listed in the earlier period to which they refer. Of course, some of them overlap more than one period; but they are listed once only, in what seems  to be their most relevant period. (So a given author's work does not necessarily all appear together in one section).

1.4.2  Concerning 1750 to 1948.  The date 1750 corresponds with nothing of great significance within East Asia, but may serve as a kind of watershed between the times when the western world had little contact with, or knowledge of, East Asia (and vice versa), and the period when a slowly growing mutual attention was beginning to develop. As suggested above, the rise and fall of dynasties has seldom if ever signalled any change in the fortunes of people with disabilities. Pragmatically, 1750-1948 also embraces the 200 years before the postulated first 60 years of 'live human memory'. The earlier 200 year period is here considered a kind of 'active heritage', in which stories may have been handed down within families, told by a great-grandparent to a child who is now the oldest surviving member; and in which relics of the past are still meaningful to people who grew up using much earlier ways of living. (Of course, some features of life may embody a heritage many centuries longer; but the popular knowledge of such earlier times may be rather dim).

These items (as well as those in the section reaching back to antiquity) come from a wide range of sources, and some are merely token representatives of a genre that needs to be exploited much more thoroughly by historians of disability. Broadly speaking, there are materials from historical literature and legend, mythology and folklore, religion and law, travellers' accounts, biographies, studies in sociology and social welfare, government documents, and the histories of education, psychology, medicine, pediatrics. Some items are fully 'on target';  many are 'useful background';  some contain perhaps only one paragraph, sentence or date that is relevant. A few items are listed that describe 'ordinary' childhood or family life in earlier times, as this feature must be taken into account when considering earlier views of 'impairment and disability'.

Users should keep in mind that some of the statements of 'historical fact', reported in the annotations, may lack adequate corroborative evidence. Responses to disability, especially when they are in the nature of philanthropic provisions, or of serious abuse, or of disabled people 'heroically overcoming' their disabilities, seem to be peculiarly liable to political massaging, exaggeration, fabrication, or other bias.

In Everyday Life?   There are very few reports of disability in ordinary, everyday life in earlier periods -- that is one feature which more recent studies have begun to remedy. Yet it is probable that the great majority of disabled people lived fairly 'ordinary' lives in their families, in their villages and towns, experiencing some limitations, facing some prejudice, receiving some help, making some adaptation to their situation, and playing some part in the common life of their families and neighbourhood. The efficacy of indigenous therapies in relieving bodily or mental impairments is also hard to gauge; but one should not underestimate the ingenuity with which at least some people, in early history, adapted themselves and their environment so that they could get a more tolerable life.

The average balance of daily help or hindrance, of heroics or humiliations, is still little understood and hard to measure in the 21st century, even in countries with vast resources and trained social scientists. It was certainly no easier for observers in the past to measure and describe these phenomena.  The different balances experienced by people with different kinds of impairment, or by disabled men and disabled women, or by elderly people as against children and youths, may also be guessed at but are very seldom known with any reliability.

Nevertheless, some tentative pictures can be made by gathering the available evidence of social and educational responses in various times and places.  For example, Susan Matisoff (1978) uses literary evidence to trace the complex evolution of the legend of Semimaru, involving mendicant musicians, princes of India and Japan, and public reactions to blindness in different eras. The background to that study includes a large sweep of data and legend from Asian religious histories, development of musical instruments, traditions of acting in drama productions, concepts of mental illness, local customs of saying goodbye to travellers starting a journey, remnants of shamanistic practices, and many more diverse factors. Many of these factors have no direct bearing on blindness - yet all are needed in the reconstruction. At the end, the pictures produced by Matisoff are far from straightforward - they have depths and shades, and different viewers will see different meanings in them, accurately reflecting the complexity and ambiguity of any serious historical account.

Early 'Special Education'.  As is common in historical studies on minority topics, the jigsaw often fits together slowly from many parts that do not initially seem to be connected. For example, almost all the educational references listed below assert that schooling for Japanese blind children grew from a start in the 1870s. Yet Yoshimoto (1908) stated that Hokiichi Hanawa, in his 15th year, went to Edo (now Tokyo) and joined a private school for the blind. There he should have learnt skills of music and acupuncture. Failing to gain proficiency in those skills, he succeeded only in learning classical literature. Basic facts about Hanawa are confirmed by many sources, e.g. 'Kodansha Encyclopedia' (1983) and 'Japan Biographical' (1960); but the former says Hanawa was aged 13 when he went to Edo. The latter adds the name of the blind  teacher, Ametomi Kengyo, but contradicts other sources by suggesting that Hanawa did learn acupuncture skills. Hanawa's literature teacher was the famous Kamo no Mabuchi. (Sources in Japanese must by now have produced a much fuller picture).

The point passes almost unremarked, that a school must already have existed at Edo in 1760, where a blind youth of poor background could attempt the standard vocational skills curriculum without much success, and then be allowed a second chance of his own choice, committing to memory the classics of literature. Getting a 'second chance' like this was not the norm. Sugiyama Waichi (1610-1694) lost his sight some 140 years earlier. He too “went to Edo and studied acupuncture under Kengyo Yamase. Because he was too slow to learn he was expelled by his master.” (Japan Biographical, 1960). In fact, Sugiyama later overcame his difficulties, and ended up as a famous senior acupuncturist, founding his own school and writing books on the field.

These private schools for the blind in 17th and 18th century Japan provided some blind youths with an education by recognised teachers with high professional standards, according to a known and broad curriculum that would prepare them to earn their living independently. 'Music' on the curriculum was not restricted to learning a stringed instrument - the blind musician was expected to have a repertoire of stirring songs, so parts of the traditional cultural heritage were memorised by the students. The therapy skills of acupuncture and massage naturally extended to coverage of the body parts and functions, together with some understanding of client psychology. There were guild exams to pass before a licence to practice was gained (Casal, 1962).

These well established educational provisions in Japan  (and systems having some common points in China and Korea) seem to compare rather favourably with the situation in 18th century Europe. Hokiichi Hanawa was already launched on his career as a bibliographer by the time Valentin Haüy, at Paris in 1771, was shocked to see a mock orchestra of blind people pretending to read and play music, a foolish spectacle set up to attract passers-by to a café. Eventually in 1784 Haüy founded a school to provide more dignified work for blind people, and the chance genuinely to learn to read and play music. He was a pioneer in Europe -- it is only a pity that he could not first have visited Japan and China to learn how blind men had managed their own education and professions.

1.4.3  Missionaries, 1830s to 1950s   Most of the missionaries' writings listed are from Protestant sources. They are grouped together because they do often contain some practical, first-hand experience of special education and/or personal contact with disabled people as individuals and occasionally as co-workers. The tone varies among these reports. A majority were addressed to supporters in Europe or North America, which may have involved some 'spin' in what was written, or in what the editors back home selected for presentation in mission journals. Some writers aimed to show that in their work, 'real Christian care' was being demonstrated to a non-Christian nation; sometimes they underlined what they thought to be a lack of care shown by the host nation to its disabled members.

Other missionaries were more thoughtful, showing a respect for disabled people's own abilities, and an awareness of the cultural strengths of their Asian hosts, both nationally and at the family and community level. For example, the genial and learned minister Edward Syle (1817-1890), who started a workshop for blind adults at Shanghai in 1856, was also a founder member of a Literary and Scientific Society, which later became the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. (Syle invited one European merchant to join the Literary and Scientific Society. Probably terrified at the prospect of boring scholarly lectures, the man refused point blank; but to save face, he promptly offered to assist the blind workshop, and collected a large sum of money for it).

Many of the writers were conscious that their own work must be a preparatory stage towards the development by government of nationwide services with more adequate resources. Modern writing (1970s-1990s) about special education in East Asia, usually by academics with a merely theoretical knowledge of service development in the disability field, has tended to give, at most, a few dismissive paragraphs to the earlier century of service development efforts, with little apparent awareness of what the missionary pioneers achieved with their local colleagues, or what they actually wrote or thought about their work. Some items by missionaries appear in the 'general' section, where they were written for a general or academic readership, and eschewed the usual evangelical discourse. Syle's reports, which include excellent ethnographic observations, appear in the missionary section because they are impossible to separate from his mission interests, and it would be discourteous to him to try to do so.

Obviously, much Buddhist missionary and Catholic Christian charitable work also took place in China and Japan over a far longer period; but reports of either are not readily accessible to the present compiler. Entries below, e.g. for Boxer, Ebisawa, Fujikawa (transl. 1934), Mora & Soares, Ruiz-de-Medina, Sweeny, Wiest, give a bare glimpse of some Catholic work. However, Catholic and other mission work is documented exhaustively in 30 volumes by R. Streit et al (1916-1974) Bibliotheca Missionum, Muenster, Freiburg, and the periodical Bibliographia Missionaria (Rome, 1936- ).

1.4.4  From, or on, Antiquity to 1750.   These items were originally listed with the more recent ones, without any classification by period. However, as the total number has increased, it seems useful to introduce some partition, while bearing in mind that some of the materials continue to be found useful in the modern period, while others are isolated relics of distant times.

In this section will also be found some (very meagre) representation of the earlier Buddhist missionary work with some disability connection, by listing of the Jataka, the Dhammapada, and the Dhammapada Commentary with a few notes. Homiletic tales of the former lives of the Buddha, mingling with oral traditions of the teachings of Gotama, spread slowly across East Asia during the first millennium CE, with translations of some central documents and by oral preaching. Some degree of adaptation took place toward East Asian cultures, and some intermingling with existing folklore. A significant number of the stories in these works refer to disabled people, and probably had long-term influences on social attitudes towards disability.

Respect toward disabled people.  Part of the fascination is in the regular occurrence of features that seem to be recognisable even from far distant times and places. Thus, the respect accorded by governor Huang Po to the deaf servant Hsü Ch'eng, in the 1st century BC, might seem like a trivial anecdote (“this man can kneel down and get up; he can show visitors in and escort them to the door; besides, a little deafness is rather an advantage” [Giles, 1898]); yet it embodies an Asia-wide wisdom, that each person has some role to play, and what is problematic in one way (he cannot hear what you say to him) can be beneficial in another (he cannot disclose a state secret that he overheard). A similar reversal can be found in some East Asian folk stories where a person with an embarrassing weakness or physical deformity is first of all laughed at, and then turns out to be strong in unexpected ways (Chang et al, 1970; Grayson, 2001).

Again, the helpful and respectful behaviour towards blind music-master Mien, recorded briefly in the Analects of Confucius, looks like a simple and acceptable model for almost any society, of how to welcome a blind person entering an unfamiliar room full of people. Whether the incident took place exactly as recorded, and whether it was Confucius himself who acted thus, is less important than the fact that such behaviour was recorded and transmitted down the centuries as a graceful Chinese way of including and locating an educated blind person in a social gathering.

Of Lü K'un (1536-1618) it was reported that, beyond his formal administrative duties, he worked for the “establishment of institutions for the relief of the poor, aged, and disabled. For those among the last who were not too young nor too old he prescribed training in skills like basketry or the braiding of mats.”  (Goodrich & Chaoying Fang, eds, 1976, I: 1007).  This is interesting;  yet the sceptical historian would wish to know whether it gives an entirely impartial evaluation of this senior civil servant's activities in northern Chinese provinces.

The report on Lü K'un continues,  “Especially compassionate towards the blind, since his mother suffered for years from the loss of sight, Lü ordered the officials of each city to train the blind in a profession such as music, singing, storytelling, and fortune telling.  Although he did not believe in the last himself he compiled a simple textbook from which the younger people among the blind might be orally taught.” (Ibid.)  The addition of some motivation, and the curious personal involvement, make Lü K'un a more credible and recognisable person  -  a man who had seen his own mother in difficulties from blindness; a man who not only gave orders but applied his intellect to writing a training manual.  Of course, the further details do not prove the case. The sceptic might continue to ask whether there was any benefit to the biographer in giving a flattering portrayal; yet the fact remains that the conduct attributed to Lü K'un was seen as both unusual and praiseworthy in the late Ming era. The ethical question, whether he should have encouraged blind young people to take up the traditional profession of fortune telling, in which he himself disbelieved, also remains valid for debate by philosophers of most countries.

Using blind people.  Ways in which the 'sighted' world has made use of blind people's skills at different periods also requires much more study. Ruiz-de-Medina (2003) has drawn attention to the 16th century Jesuit missionaries' use of itinerant blind minstrels. Some of them were attracted by the Christian message, and these blind men continued their wandering profession with new lyrics constructed from the Jesuit teaching. Four hundred years later, the Chinese Communist Party engaged in a strikingly similar manoeuvre, using traditional blind storytellers to disseminate Communist doctrine to the masses (Hung, 1993)

1.5  Cultural Interpretation

Ways in which disability-related themes are treated or interpreted by Europeans, and are written about in European languages, may be peculiarly liable to differences from the ways in which they are conceptualised and communicated in East Asia. There is often some uneasiness or ambivalence in responses, and these are dealt with in many different manners. Of course, some experiences seem to be universal. Somebody's eyes do not work, he cannot see, he has trouble finding his way along an unfamiliar street.  Somebody's hearing is impaired, she hears only half the message, confusion results, and other people get annoyed. A child grows up very slowly, his parents try to conceal that he is far behind other children's development. A grandmother walks very slowly in the park, but her daughter shows the grandchildren many small flowers and insects as they go along, so they never notice that Granny is disabled. Yet the individual, family or social responses can vary greatly within one locality, and much more so between nations and major civilisations.

Some East Asian responses may appear subtle and refined when viewed by Europeans, or may be so delicate that they are not perceived at all. Other responses may seem gross, or even callous. (The converse perceptions, by East Asians of European responses, can similarly be very varied). Where a feature of East Asian life is described in English, its meaning has already changed a little because of the different structures of language and thought forms. These cautions should be borne in mind when reading any of the material listed. There are great possibilities for authors and readers (and translators and bibliographers) getting hold of the wrong end of the stick...

1.6  Some Dates for Blind People

Many of the examples mentioned above concern services for and activities by blind people -- more material seems to be available on blindness than on all the other disabilities together. Some listed items provide approximate or definite dates, through about 700 years, that have primary source documentation. The following short chronology is offered for this one disability category over a few centuries. It should of course be expanded, and joined by notable dates in other categories.

1.7  Technical Notes on the Bibliography

1.7.1  Further Materials
Some further materials relating to China are listed in:  GW Skinner with DB Honig & EA Winckler (1973) Modern Chinese Society. An Analytical Bibliography. 1. Publications in Western Languages 1644-1972. Stanford University Press. The second volume of that publication contains Chinese works, and gives both transliterated and translated titles. Scrutiny of the headings such as Infancy & Childhood; Elementary & Vocational Education; Adolescence & Youth; Socialization; Local Welfare; Organized Philanthropy and Mutual-Aid Societies, suggests that not very much was published in Chinese on these topics in the specified period. Much useful material for the region may be found among the 17 volumes of the Dictionary Catalogue of the Missionary Research Library, New York (1968), Boston, Mass.: GK Hall.  See also the substantial resource guide by Crouch et al. (1989).

1.7.2  Access to Documents
The compiler/annotator lists the items as well as he can; but having no organisation or affiliation, and working without salary or funding, regrets that it is not possible to supply or give access to copies. Some items were seen in libraries, but could not be copied. Other items were copied with the restriction that no further copy would be made; or were obtained through Inter-Library Loan with a signed undertaking not to supply them elsewhere.  It is the task of librarians, archivists, documentalists, inter-library loan services, publishers, booksellers, or perhaps the original authors or translators, or even google, to assist the world to find any items they may wish to read.

1.7.3  Websites
The sites shown below were checked and found active in August 2007. (When a website ceases to be active, it is sometimes possible to find old items in 'google cache', or from organisations that try to store archives of internet material at intervals).

1.7.4  Annotations, and Caution in Using Them
Skill in annotating venerable literature was evidently appreciated at many periods of Chinese history. It was said of Shen Ch'in-han (1775-1832) that he was a prolific critic and editor, “handicapped by a difficulty in speech and by a very ungainly appearance ... But his mind was very penetrating and his annotations are thoroughly critical, consistent and dependable.” (Hummel, 1964). No doubt the present compiler is equally ugly, but the annotative efforts in this bibliography can hardly bear comparison with those of Shen Ch'in-han!  Most of the early historical East Asian texts, and many of the later historical ones, were not intentionally focused on disability. One has to search through a vast amount to find disability-relevant odds and ends and occasional insights. So the historical annotations below serve partly to indicate relevant pages (often omitted or only partially shown in indexes) and may also give some taste of the material. Annotations were made for various purposes over fifteen years, and then revised at different times, so they are not uniform in nature or style.

The annotations are focused on matters of disability, deafness, or abnormality, appearing in any shape or form within the given region, broadly understood. In some cases the major contents and thrust of a work may be given a few words only, or are understood to be sufficiently indicated by the title, while the small part pertinent to disability is given more description. No disrespect is intended toward the omitted contents, which are often of great value but are not the immediate present concern, though they are useful in providing some context to the mention of disability or deafness. Within the annotations, square brackets [ ] around a comment usually indicate some kind of alert, i.e. that the enclosed remark is an explanation or interpolation by the annotator, where this might not otherwise be obvious.

The annotations given here must not be regarded as a substitute for reading the actual works listed!  The views of textual commentators cannot substitute for the original texts on which they are commenting!  All translations should be regarded with caution!

1.7.5  Names and Dates (with apologies)
Various transliteration systems and name conventions have been used at different times, so it is highly likely that some Asian names are given in what is now considered an irregular, misspelt, reversed, outdated or otherwise mistaken fashion - with further apologies.  A few names such as 'Confucius' are given in the traditional European form for easier recognition by the barbarians. Words such as 'cripple', 'blind' etc are used as common international currency, rather than the latest 'politically correct' terms that may not have reached dictionaries (and are not always preferred by people having the impairments). Dates shown are 'BC' and 'CE', i.e. Before Christ, and Christian (or Common) Era.

Baffling the Barbarian.  The natural order of 'European' names, e.g. 'Jane Smith', is usually reversed in a bibliography, with an intermediate comma, so becoming 'Smith, Jane', or in the style sometimes used here, without comma where only an initial is shown: 'Smith J'. By this means, all the surnames are listed in alphabetical order, appearing next to the left-hand margin, and may rapidly be scanned by the reader. The present compiler's normal practice (in various earlier bibliographies) has been to give the surname of the article's first author entirely in capitals, merely for further visual emphasis (with no disrespect to the worthy second, third or further authors, who have only one capital letter at the start of their surname!)  Yet East Asian names have traditionally been presented with the family name first and then the 'given' name. Thus, if 'Jane Smith' were Chinese, she might already be known as 'Smith Jane' (with no comma between the surname and given name), or to make the distinction clearer, 'SMITH Jane'. Over several decades, some Asians who work with European languages, or who have experience of getting their material published in western media, have adopted the European custom, and now present themselves in the form 'Jane Smith', and are accustomed to appearing in lists in the form 'Smith, Jane'.  This is not a problem where the given names and family names are familiar to westerners, as 'Smith' is almost always a surname, and 'Jane' usually a given name. Yet when the names are Asian, and the compiler is an ignorant Western barbarian, there are great opportunities to end up mistakenly listing someone as the equivalent of 'JANE S', rather than 'SMITH J', especially where some earlier cataloguer or bibliographer has already made this mistake. One alternative is to list both names, fully capitalised, in the order found on the original paper, (e.g. 'JANE SMITH') and leave to the intelligent reader the task of knowing which is the family name and which the given name. (The intelligent Asian author, seeking to find out whether her paper has been listed in some foreigner's bibliography, has of course long been accustomed to checking through it for any of her names, in any possible order, variant transliteration, superfluous punctuation, etc). Further groans of apology are offered.

1.8  Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement is due in the first place to Dr Henk van Setten, who inspired the original compilation and hosted it on his remarkable History of Education website, which pioneered the genre for several years in the late 1990s and into the new century. Also to Hiroko Furuta and colleagues at Tsukuba University for finding and sending an elusive article, and making another helpful suggestion;  to Karen Nakamura at Yale University for some useful items;  to Michael Dillon of the University of Durham for useful notes on the earlier bibliography;  to Edith Willoughby for primary source data on the blind Chinese girls at Overbrook from the 1840s onward;  to Tanya Hart and Chen Guanghua for help with looking into William Hill Murray's reading system and the date when his blind school started. Many libraries catalogues in Britain, and collections on websites, have contributed information; and of course the invaluable Google has slipped through the keyholes of some locked libraries and opened private cupboards and dusty basement stacks, indexing and displaying snippets, 'limited views' and even some 'full texts' of an astonishing variety of documents in which disability and East Asia play some part. Some materials have been copied with much appreciation from the magnificent Hamburg University online bibliography devoted to deafness and sign language, and the DisabilityWorld online database. To these and other sources: many thanks! The greatest of all support has come from Christine Miles, whose earnings provide the computers for cataloguing, the house for all the books and photocopies, the food to sustain the compiler at his work, and comfort and companionship through 37 years.

1.9  Main Abbreviations & Symbols

********

PERMISSION TO COPY.  Individuals, not-for-profit organisations and educational institutions are permitted to download this bibliography and to copy and make use of it for the advancement of knowledge on a non-commercial basis.  Where any annotation given below contains a direct quotation from an author's text, that author's copyright is fully recognised, and brief quotation is made under the proviso of 'fair use' for academic purposes.

2.0   MATERIALS CONCERNING 1949 TO 2007   [c. 355 items]

NB  For many items listed in this modern section, an abstract of contents may be found open online at the website of the journal concerned, via Google or other search engine. For most of the journal items having some medical connection, an open online abstract can be found by search at 'Pub Med' or via the 'NLM Gateway'. (These databases may also sometimes give a link to open full text of the article, as slowly increasing numbers of medical publishers are placing full text online a few weeks or months after journal publication). Book abstracts and independent reviewer comments are often available via Amazon and other sites.

ALBAN-METCALFE J; Cheng-Lai A & Ma T (2002) Teacher and student teacher ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder in three cultural settings. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 49: 281-299.
Comparative study in which teachers and student teachers in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Britain, watched a video of one white Caucasian nine-year-old boy's AD/HD-type behaviour and rated him on four diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, to check predictions about their rating differences proposed on the based of an extensive literature review. Significant differences appeared in the ratings from the three country groups, and between the experienced and trainee teachers, not all of them easily explicable.

ARAKAWA, Isamu (1987) Japan. In: JV Van Cleve (ed.) Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness. 3 vols, New York: McGraw-Hill.

ARIYOSHI, Sawako (1972) The Twilight Years, transl. M Tahara (1984) from original Japanese. New York: Kodansha International.
This novel explores issues of caring for elderly and increasingly dependent or senile people in Japan, at a time when women's aspirations were beginning to move (or at least to be thought about) beyond the traditional female obligation to put the care needs of (male) relatives before any thought of having an individual 'life trajectory' of their own.

ASHMAN, Adrian F (1995) The education of students with an intellectual disability in the People's Republic of China: some observations. European Journal of Special Needs Education 10: 47-57.

AXELROD, Cyril (2005) And the Journey Begins. Coleford, UK: Douglas McLean. iv + 228 pp.
Father Cyril Axelrod was born profoundly deaf in 1942 in South Africa. With some difficulty, he was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1970, and worked with young black deaf people. In 1980 his eyesight became impaired. He moved to Hong Kong in 1988, and then to Macau. In chapter 22 (pp. 169-178, and photos pp. 179-186) Axelrod tells of twelve years' work in Macau, building the Macau Deaf Association into a self-governing organisation run by capable local deaf people. By the time he retired to England he was both deaf and blind, and continued a ministry that seems to have been enhanced, rather than diminished, by his disabilities.

BAK, Sunhi (1999) The influence of American cultural values on the education of individuals with visual impairments in South Korea, Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 93: 312-315.
Attributes the start of education for blind Koreans to Sejung of the Cho-Sun Dynasty, in 1445, who gave training in fortune-telling. (Cites a modern government source).

BIGGS, Cassie (2004) A Bilingual and Bicultural Approach to Teaching Deaf Children in China. UNICEF.  31 pp.
http://www.unicef.org/china/Bi_Bi_Book_by_Cassie_04_ENG.pdf
Campaigning report, advocating the bilingual-bicultural approach to deaf education, on the basis of a pilot project at Tianjin Number One School for the Deaf, from 2001 to 2004, with educational advisors from UK and some Chinese teachers benefiting from “bi-bi” training and experience in Denmark. After initial scepticism or opposition from parents and teachers, the apparent success of profoundly deaf children in learning and communicating with sign language has brought some changes in attitude and practice, and deaf teachers are now reported to be accepted on an equal basis by hearing teachers. Further schools are now expressing an interest in the approach. The author admits that there are considerable obstacles to overcome, in that the Government policy and practice has long encouraged an oral approach, reflecting the views of parents, teachers and society at large. Passing reference is made to similar work in Nanjing and Kunming (p. 10), without mention of published reports from those two projects.

BREUER, Joseph M (1976) Comments on some facets of functional restoration in the Far East. In: The Disabled in Developing Countries. Proceedings of a symposium on appropriate technology and delivery of health and welfare services for the disabled in developing countries held at Oriel College, Oxford, September 26-30, 1976, pp. 9-15. London: The Commonwealth Foundation.
Referring mainly to Japan and Korea, Dr Breuer underlined that “American (and European) concepts of rehabilitation predominate in the Far East”, but yet “the problems encountered in the area of functional rehabilitation in the East are distinctly different from those in the West”, as a result of cultural and economic differences in many of the actual activities of daily living.

CALLAWAY, Alison (1999) Translating theory into practice in a different cultural context: a bilingual approach to deaf children in China. In: E Stone (ed.) Disability and Development, 110-129. Leeds: The Disability Press.
Describes the background of education for deaf children in China with a strong aural/oral emphasis, the recent government policy of extending services to preschool deaf children, and the official 'standardisation' of sign language. In this situation, an experimental bilingual (Sign Language and spoken Chinese) class was started in a nursery for deaf children in Nanjing, the activities of which the author observed and recorded, as well as having a facilitative role in bridging between a range of Chinese perceptions in this field and recent British developments and research in deaf language and culture.

CALLAWAY A (1999) Considering sign bilingual education in cultural context: a survey of deaf schools in Jiangsu Province, China. Deafness & Education International 1 (1) 34-46.

CALLAWAY A (2001) Constructing deafness in a different culture: perspectives from China. In: A Callaway (ed.) Deafness and Development. Learning from Projects with Deaf Children and Deaf Adults in Developing Countries, 68-73. University of Bristol, Centre for Deaf Studies.

CALLAWAY A (2002) Deaf Children in China. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press.  x + 320 pp.
Based on several years' work in China, and a doctoral thesis at Bristol University Centre for Deaf Studies, Callaway reports in great detail on the background of deafness in China, the anguished responses of parents of deaf children (evidenced by interviews, and a series of letters written in the early 1990s to Zhou Hong, principal of the pre-school for deaf children in Nanjing, and parent of a deaf daughter) and their efforts to acquire information and help, the very modest educational services available for such children, and the government policy emphasis on speech training (following the now discredited policies of most Western deaf education from the 1890s to 1970s). Callaway took part in the experimental bilingual bicultural approach, pioneered at Nanjing Deaf School since 1995 with a deaf teacher, and advocates its extension in a culturally-sensitive way, while recognising the many obstacles and complexities.

CAMPBELL, Lawrence; Zambone AM, Anderson J, & Horton K (1990) Education of the visually impaired children in China. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 84: 228‑231.

CHAN CCH, Lee TMC, Yuen HK & Chan F (2002) Attitudes toward people with disabilities between Chinese rehabilitation and business students. Rehabilitation Psychology 47: 324-338.

CHAN, Grace (1996) Hong Kong: Employment of People with Disabilities: from traditional concept of sheltered employment to creating new employment initiatives for people with disabilities. Hong Kong Council of Social Service.

CHAN, Ka-po (2000) Cognitive profiles and subtypes of epilepsy. M.Phil. thesis, University of Hong Kong. 81 pp.

CHAN, Lik-man Peter; & Tsang, Nai-ming (1980) A Study of the Opportunities for Post-Secondary Education of Blind Youths in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: School of Social Work, Hong Kong Polytechnic.  v + 100 pp.

CHAN, Stephen SY (1992) Development of services for adults with severe mental handicap in Hong Kong. M.Phil. thesis, University of Nottingham.

CHAU, Mabel (2002) Vocational rehabilitation, re-training and employment of persons with acquired disabilities in adult lives due to injuries and illnesses.  Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation.

CHEN, Jianhua & Simeonsson, Rune J (1993) Prevention of childhood disabilities in the People's Republic of China. Child: Care, Health and Development 19: 71-88.

CHEN J & Simeonsson RJ (1994) Child disability and family needs in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 17 (1) 25-37.

CHEN, Shumin; Liu, Diangchang; Liu, Bing; Zhang, Lin; & Yu, Xioulu (2003) Assessment of disability, social and economic situations of people affected by leprosy in Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. Leprosy Review 74: 215-221.
Questionnaire responses from 4,240 leprosy-affected people were analysed, to gain a clearer idea of their self-perceived needs for help and rehabilitation.

CHEN, Shumin; Liu, Diangchang; Liu, Bing; Zhang, Lin; & Yu, Xioulu (2003) Role of leprosy villages and leprosaria in Shandong Province, People's Republic of China: past, present and future. Leprosy Review 74: 222-228.
Traces the rise of leprosy villages and leprosaria from the first one founded in 1918 in Tongzhou county, through the 20th century, to the present situation where “a few old and disabled ex-patients”, totalling 643 people, are living in 54 leprosy villages or leprosaria. Such facilities are uneconomical to run, but could be sustained by developing new roles as resource and training centres.

CHEN, Yung-Hwa, Seitz MR, & Cheng, Li-Rong Lilly (1991) Special Education. In: DC Smith (ed.) The Confucian Continuum. Educational Modernization in Taiwan, 317-365. New York: Praeger.
(pp. 317-327 concern historical influences on the development of special education, quoting the works of Confucius and other ancient writings;  mostly within mainland China).

CHENG, Lie Yueh (1988) The influence of cultural factors and economic change on special education development and policy in Taiwan, the Republic of China, 1945-1985. Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri. 290 pp.

CHENG YH (1997) Explaining disablement in modern times: hand-injured workers' accounts of their injuries in Hong Kong. Social Science & Medicine 45 (5) 739-750.

CHIN, Chang-Sik (2004) Mental health policy making in South Korea: structural and cultural influences. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham.

CHIN, Robert & CHIN, Ai-li S (1969) Psychological Research in Communist China: 1949-1966. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. xii + 274 pp.
(The Introduction outlines some pre-1949 influences on Chinese psychology, pp. 5-9, e.g. Dewey's impact on educational thinking).

CHIN THACK SOH (1980) Korea. A Geomedical Monograph of the Republic of Korea. Heidelberg: Springer.  xv + 146 + maps.
Includes geographical, environmental and traditional health information pertinent to histories of disabilities, e.g. pp. 3, 26-29, 35-41, 45-51, 53, 95-100, 113-121;  specific data on e.g. leprosy (63-64), polio (67), trachoma (73), syphilis (77-78) nutritional deficiency and mental disorders (92-93); and bibliography (123-127).

CHINA, People's Republic of (1988). China's five-year work program for people with disabilities (1988-1992). Beijing: State Council.

CHINA, People's Republic of (1992). China's five-year work program for people with disabilities (1992-1996). Beijing: State Council.

CHINA, People's Republic of (1994) Regulations on the education of persons with disabilities. Beijing: State Council.

CHINA, People's Republic of (1996). China's five-year work program for people with disabilities (1996-2000). Beijing: State Council.

CHINA, People's Republic of.  Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Disabled Persons (Adopted at the 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National Peoples Congress on December 28, 1990).  [Seen on the China Disabled Persons' Federation website.]  http://www.cdpf.org.cn/english/info_01.htm

CHINA, People's Republic of. Ministry of Education, Department of Planning (1985) Achievement of Education in China. Statistics 1949-1983.
Special education data, pp. 235-236.

CHINA, People's Republic of. Ministry of Education, Department of Planning (1985) Achievement of Education in China. Statistics 1980-1985.
Special education data, p. 92.

CHINA, People's Republic of. National Bureau of Statistics (2006) Communiqué on Major Statistics of the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability. [Seen on the China Disabled Persons' Federation website.]  http://www.cdpf.org.cn/english/top-7.htm
Preliminary results from the second major disability sample survey, conducted in April and May 2006, suggest that there are 83 million people with disabilities in China, or 6.34 per cent of the population.

CHING, Lucy (1980) One of the Lucky Ones. Hong Kong: Gulliver.  293 pp.
Autobiography of a blind woman, from early childhood in 1940s southern China, to training in Hong Kong and USA, and adult life and work in Hong Kong. Many 'traditional' attitudes and expectations from earlier centuries were experienced by Miss Ching between 1940 and 1980.

CHO SM, Kim HC, Cho H, & Shin YM (2007) Factors influencing perceptions of need for and decisions to solicit child mental health services by parents of 9-12 year old Korean children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development [in electronic version, June 07, ahead of printed publication].

CHOI-KWON S, Chung C, Kim H, Lee S, Yoon S, Kho H, Oh J, Lee S (2003) Factors affecting the quality of life in patients with epilepsy in Seoul, South Korea. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 108: 428-434.
Based on views expressed by 154 people with epilepsy, interviewed at outpatients clinic in Seoul National Hospital.

CHOI-KWON S, Park KA, Lee HJ, Park MS, Lee CH, Cheon SE, Youn MH, Lee SK, Chung CK (2004) Familiarity with, knowledge of, and attitudes toward epilepsy in residents of Seoul, South Korea. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 110: 39-45.
Based on telephone interviews with a random 1000 people living in Seoul.

CLEZY, Gillian; Stokes, Stephanie; Whitehill, Tara; & Zubrick, Ann (1996) Communication Disorders: an introduction for community-based rehabilitation workers. Hong Kong University Press.
This book developed from teaching a course to physicians in China, as part of a one year program in CBR.

CONDON, Marilyn (1990) Disability in Kumming: an overview of special education and rehabilitation programs. Washington DC: World Rehabilitation Fund.  22 pp.

COOPER, John E & Sartorius, Norman (1996) Mental Disorders in China: results of the national epidemiological survey in 12 areas. London: Gaskell.  xi + 115 pp.
This is an English version of Chinese reports on a major survey of mental disorders in a sample amounting to 38,000 urban and rural people aged 15 years upward, undertaken in 1982 in collaboration with the World Health Organisation.

CRAWFORD N, HEUNG V, YIP E & YUEN C (1999) Integration in Hong Kong: where are we now and what do we need to do? Hong Kong Special Education Forum 2 (3) 1-13.

DAI-HUA SHEN (1993) Special education in cross-cultural perspective: People's Republic of China. In: SJ Peters (ed.) Education and Disability in Cross-Cultural Perspective, pp. 237-258. New York: Garland.

DAVIES DP (1995) Hong Kong Reflections: health, illness and disability in Hong Kong children. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. viii + 210 pp.

DEVELOPING Resources for Mentally Retarded Persons. Proceedings of the 5th Asian Conference on Mental Retardation, Hong Kong 1981, edited by K Bayes (1982).

DIXON JE (1981) The Chinese Welfare System 1949-1979. New York: Praeger.

DIXON J (1981) The welfare of the handicapped in the People's Republic  of China. Journal of Rehabilitation in Asia 22 (Oct.) 5-13.

DIXON J (1983) The welfare of People's Liberation Army veterans and dependants in China, 1949-1979. Armed Forces & Society 9 (3) 483-94.

DPI-JAPAN (2004) Country Reports of DPI-Japan (Japan National Assembly of Disabled Peoples' International, transl. Taisuke Miyamoto.  http://homepage2.nifty.com/ADI/DPIJ04.html
Archive of several years' reports on DPI-Japan's activities, officers, and plans.

EDITORIAL Board (2004) Repair, Reconstruct and Rehabilitate: half a century of orthopaedics in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Academy of Medicine Press.  iii + 236 pp.
With contributions from about 60 people involved in different aspects of orthopaedic services.  (Full list appears in the University of Hong Kong Libraries online catalogue).

ENDO, Shusaku (1959) Wonderful Fool, transl. and introduction by Francis Mathy (1974). London: Penguin.
The major Japanese novelist Endo created a clumsy fool of a foreigner as the leading character of this book. Gaston, a stupid-looking Frenchman, is physically huge but timorous and afflicted with the disability of loving and trusting people. He ambles ludicrously through the neat and superficial lives of an ordinary Japanese family, then wanders off through the backstreets and low life of Yokohama. With the simpleton manners of a large, friendly dog, or a holy fool, Gaston astonishes, infuriates, attracts or disgusts people he meets. Beaten by some, cared for by others, he becomes a mirror in which people notice the moral emptiness of their souls. The author Endo is also darkly reflected here, a Japanese convert to Roman Catholicism, depicting the radical strangeness of the Christ figure amidst the 'moral swamp' of Japan in the 1950s.

EPSTEIN, Irving (1988) Special educational provision in the People's Republic of China. Comparative Education 24: 365-75.

FANG, Harry [Harry Fang Sinyang] (2002) Rehabilitation: a Life's Work. Hong Kong University Press.
[Not seen. Autobiography of a prominent Hong Kong orthopedic surgeon and activist in the Asian rehabilitation world. Warmly reviewed by Barbara Duncan at http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_03/resources/fang.shtml ]

FONG CYG & Hung A (2002) Public awareness, attitude, and understanding of epilepsy in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Epilepsia 43: 311-316.

FU GENGYAO (1995) Development of teacher training for special education in China. International Journal of Special Education 10 (1) 66-71.

FUKURAI, Shiro (2003) The Blind Can Mould: a record of my 30 years blind education on moulding. Kobe-shi, Japan: S. Fukurai. 96 pp.

GAINES, Rossalyn & PIAO YONGXIN (1985) Chinese deaf children's reading skills and signing styles. In: WC Stokoe & V Volterra (eds) Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Sign Language Research, Rome, June 1983, pp. 91-100. Silver Spring: Linstock.

GOODMAN, Roger (1998) The 'Japanese-style welfare state' and the delivery of personal social services. In: G White & R Goodman (eds) The East Asian Welfare Model. Welfare Orientalism and the state, 139-158. London: Routledge.
(Brief, useful, historical background, pp. 139-142).

GOODSTADT, Rose Yin-Chee (1970) Speaking with Signs: a sign language manual for Hong Kong's deaf.  Hong Kong: Government Printer.

GOTTLEIB, Nanette (1998) Discriminatory language in Japan: Burakumin, the disabled and women. Asian Studies Review 22 (2) 157-174.

GOTTLEIB N (2001) Language and disability in Japan. Disability & Society 16: 981-995.
Describes some debates and trends in public awareness and attitudes toward disabled people in Japan, some changes that have occurred in the use of discriminatory terminology, and influences apparently causing changes. The mass media have played a part, and there has been some revision of terms used in laws and statutes. Discussion has taken place of political correctness in the field of literature. Increased use of the internet has added weight to campaigns by disabled people.

GREEN, Ronald M (1999) The Mizuko Kuyo debate: an ethical assessment. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 67 (4) 809-823.
As a rationalist and professor of ethics, Green reviews the positions of some principal contributors in the ongoing debate on abortion in Japan, and Buddhist responses, with some broader consideration of the status of the fetus in various religious teachings.

GROTZ, Jürgen (1991) Bericht über des Blindenwesen in der Volksrepublik China. Horus. Marburger Beiträge zur Integration Blinder und Sehbehinderter 53 (1) 11-15.
Brief sketch of many aspects of the lives of blind people, based on two years' work in China.

GROTZ, Jürgen L (1996) Chinese writing systems for visually impaired persons: analysis and assessment. PhD thesis, University of London (SOAS). 395 pp.
Detailed study on the methods that have been used in the past 120 years for representing Chinese language in systems for blind users, and difficulties in doing so with current adaptations of Braille. The existing system serves a relatively small number of users, with fairly simple texts, at considerable cost. New approaches are needed to provide a broader and less expensive service for much greater numbers of modern Chinese people with visual impairments. [The key place of Chinese language in the historical culture, the history of difficulties in its adequate representation even in roman script for European use, and the low priority of blind people's needs in the national agenda, suggest that progress will not easily be achieved.]

HAH KEUN-CHAN (1957), transl. WS Choi, 'Ill-Fated Father and Son'. Korea Journal (1 August 1972), pp. 7-12.
Story of a Korean father disabled during one period of war and a son disabled during a later war.

HAIDE, Ma (1981) Leprosy control in China. Eastern Horizon 20 (9) 18-21.
Focuses on the campaign against leprosy 1949-1981.

HARDING TW, Schneider J, Visotsky HM & Graves CL [1985] Human Rights and Mental Patients in Japan: a report of a mission. Geneva: for International Commission of Jurists.  94 pp.

HATASE, Minoru (1958) Current trends of play therapy in Japan, Psychologia 1: 242-246.
Gives useful indications of the post-1950 growth of interest and publications by Japanese psychologists and psychiatrists in child and adult psychotherapy; and the use of play therapy, mainly of a non-directive nature.

HAYASHI R & Okuhira M (2001) The disability rights movement in Japan: past, present and future. Disability & Society 16 (6) 855-870.

HENDERSON, Norman K (1964) The Education of Handicapped Children: recent trends and research, with implications for Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, for Hong Kong Council for Educational Research. 46 pp.

HEYER, Katharina (1999) Integration von Behinderten ins Arbeitsleben. In: J Legewie & H Meyer-Ohle (eds) Japans Wirtschaft im Umbruch. München: Iudicium Verlag.

HEYER K (2000) From special needs to equal rights: Japanese disability law. Asia-Pacific Law and Policy Journal 1 (7: 1-21)
http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/pdfs/07-heyer.pdf  

HIJIKATA, Yasuyo; YASHUARA, Akihiro; YOSHIDA, Yuka; & SENTO, Seishiro (2006) Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment of epilepsy. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 12 (7) 673-677.
Based on responses in three adult patients, to the addition of a traditional herbal remedy to conventional medical treatment.

HOFFMANN, Karl‑H (1983) Das Leben der Blinden in China. Horus Marburger Beiträge zur Integration Sehgeschädigter 1/1983, pp. 15‑16.

HOLDSWORTH, Janet [1994] Integrated education project, Anhui Province. In: Making It Happen. Examples of Good Practice in Special Needs Education and Community-Based Programmes, 9-15. Paris: UNESCO.

HONDA, Hideo & Shimizu, Yasuo (2002) Early intervention system for preschool children in the community. The DISCOVERY approach in Yokohama, Japan. Autism 6 (3) 239-257.

HONG, Sung-Eun (2001) Empirische Erhebung zu Klassifikatoren in Koreanischer Gebärdensprache. Diploma thesis, University of Hamburg.

HONG S-E (2002) Empirische Erhebung zu Tier-Klassifikatoren in Koreanischer Gebärdensprache. Das Zeichen 16 (60) 236-245.

HONG S-E (2003) Empirical survey of animal classifiers in Korean Sign Language (KSL). Sign Language and Linguistics 6: 77-99.

HONG KONG. Central Coordinating Committee for the International Year of Disabled Persons [1982] Report. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 128 pp.

HONG KONG (China). Child Assessment Service, Department of Health (2006) A Primer in Common Developmental Disabilities Experience at Child Assessment Service, Hong Kong. Edited by Rose Hai-ling Mak et al. Hong Kong. xvi + 477 pp.

HONG KONG. Committee on Vocational Training, Industrial Training Advisory Committee [1970]. Report of the Working Party on Vocational Training for the Disabled. Hong Kong: Government Printer. iii + 36 pp.

HONG KONG Council of Social Service, Rehabilitation Division (1984) The Adult Education Needs of the Visually Disabled. Report by the Coordinating Committee on the Blind. Hong Kong. vi + 68 pp.

HONG KONG Government (1976) Report on the Further Development of Rehabilitation Services in Hong Kong. Government Printers.

HONG KONG Red Cross Special Education & Rehabilitation Service (2005)  The Challenge of Diversity: meeting special educational needs in the era of accountability. Proceedings of Hong Kong Red Cross Special Education & Rehabilitation Service 50th Anniversary International Conference 2004. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Red Cross. 163 pp.

HONG KONG (China), Social Welfare Department, Rehabilitation and Medical Social Services Branch [2000] Handbook on Rehabilitation Services. Hong Kong. 83 pp.

HONG KONG Society for the Deaf (1993) Hong Kong Society for the Deaf: silver jubilee commemorative issue (edited by Lai, Boon Lap et al. Hong Kong. 69 pp. (In English and Chinese).

HONG KONG. Working Party on Rehabilitation Policies and Services (1992) Green Paper on Equal Opportunities and Full Participation. Hong Kong: Government Printer. 160 pp.

HONG KONG (China) Health and Welfare Bureau, Rehabilitation Division (1999) Hong Kong Rehabilitation Programme Plan (1998-99 to 2002-03). Hong Kong.  iv + 174 pp.

HONG KONG (China), Education Department (2002) Integrated Education: helping students with autism. Hong Kong.

HONG KONG (China), Education and Manpower Bureau, Office for Integrated Education (2003) Instructional Strategies. Hong Kong: EMB.

HONG KONG (China), Education and Manpower Bureau (2004) Inclusive Education: helping students with physical disabilities. Hong Kong: EMB.

HONG KONG (China), Labour Department [2004]. Practical Guide to Employing People with a Disability.  Hong Kong. 34 pp.

HONNA, Nobuyuki & Kato, Mihoko (1991) The sign language situation in Japan -- problems and solutions. In: Equality and Self-reliance. Proceedings of the XI World Congress of the World Federation of the Deaf, Tokyo, Japan, July 1991. pp. 716-732.

HORNER-JOHNSON W, Keys C, Henry D, Yamaki K, Oi F, Watanabe K, Shimada H & Fujimura I (2002) Attitudes of Japanese students toward people with intellectual disability. Intellectual Disability Research 46: 365-378.

HSIAO-YU Sun (2006) Experience of disability: Taiwan. In: G Albrecht et al (eds) Encyclopedia of Disability, II: 697-699. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.
Tells mainly of a problematic side of Chinese culture in Taiwan, the historical prejudice, neglect and devaluing of disabled people, with a few outstanding modern disabled people setting examples of achievement despite the alleged continuing stigmatisation.

HSU J (1975) Counselling in the Chinese temple: psychological study of divination by ch'ien drawing. In: WP Lebra (ed.) Culture-Bound Syndromes, Ethnopsychiatry, and Alternative Therapy, Vol. IV of Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

HUANG HONGXU & TIAN GUISEN (1990) A sociolinguistic view of linguistic taboo in Chinese. International Journal of Sociology of Language 81: 63-85.
Euphemistic terms for disabilities are noted on p. 79.

HUNG, Chang-tai (1993) Reeducating a blind storyteller: Han Qixiang and the Chinese Communist storytelling campaign. Modern China 19: 395-426.
Some traditional media were employed by the Chinese Communist Party for disseminating politically correct doctrine to the masses.

IINUMA, Kazuso (1994) Use of prenatal diagnosis for subsequent pregnancies by parents of children with Down's syndrome. Eubios Ethics Institute Newsletter 4: 4-5.  http://eubios.info/EEIN/EEIN41F.HTM

IKELS, Charlotte (1991) Ageing and disability in China. Cultural issues in measurement and interpretation. Social Science and Medicine 32: 649-665.

INDEPENDENT Living Institute [2006] Study and Work in Japan for People with Disabilities.  http://www.independentliving.org/studyworkabroad/JP/
Compilation of useful, recent information and sources.

INDEPENDENT Living Institute [2006] Study and Work in Korea for People with Disabilities.  http://www.independentliving.org/studyworkabroad/KR/
Compilation of useful, recent information and sources.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (2003) China Country Profile. Employment of People with Disabilities: the Impact of Legislation (Asia and Pacific).  Geneva: ILO.  http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/gladnetcollect/195/
A series of ILO studies examined the background of legislation and implementation, concerned with the employment of disabled people in some parts of the Asia/Pacific region, to assist countries to improve their practice and outcomes.

INTERNATIONAL Labour Office (2003) Japan Country Profile. Employment of People with Disabilities: the Impact of Legislation (Asia and Pacific).  Geneva: ILO.  http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/gladnetcollect/198/
(See previous annotation).

ISON, Terence G (1992) Employment quotas for disabled people: the Japanese experience. Kobe University Law Review 26: 1-32.

ITAGAKI, Yoko, & Toki, Kunihiko (1993) Current developments and the problems of culture and special education in Japan. In: SJ Peters (ed.) Education and Disability in Cross-Cultural Perspective, 127-65. New York: Garland.
Discusses 'cultural norms and attitudes to disability' (pp. 138-144), referring also to other stigmatised minorities in Japan.

IWAKUMA, Miho (2001) Ageing with disability in Japan. In: M Priestley (ed.) Disability and the Life Course. Global perspectives, 219-230. Cambridge University Press.
Reports interviews with “more than thirty” older Japanese people with disabilities, mostly men with spinal cord injuries, discussing a variety of topics, with some analysis. Their reflections on ageing with disability often reflect 'life stance'. A common theme was that interviewees felt they were better prepared for the problems of ageing than the non-disabled population. They had already had plenty of experience of coping with physical difficulties, of dependency on others (especially wives), and of facing uncertainty about the future. A number of interviewees had been close to death and had survived against pessimistic prediction; they no longer feared death or the future.

IWAMA, Michael K (2005) Situated meaning. An issue of culture, inclusion, and occupational therapy. In: F Kronenberg, SS Algado & N Pollard (eds) Occupational Therapy without borders. Learning from the spirit of survivors,  pp. 127-139. Edinburgh: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
The Asian author, now working in Canada, examines the “individualistic, autonomous, analytic, monotheistic, materialistic, and rationalistic tendencies” deeply embedded in [male] Western assumptions, training, practice and measurement in Occupational Therapy, and notes a sharp conflict with the cultural and conceptual foundations of the East Asian societies, with Japan as a particular example. He shows diagrammatically the “East Asian version of the cosmological myth”, in which the animal, vegetational, human and spiritual entities are a co-existent, inter-active unity. By contrast, the “Western variation of the cosmological myth”, is portrayed as an hierarchy with one radically transcendent deity, separated from the individual human self, which is in turn set apart from the other humans, who collectively attempt to have dominion over the animals and natural environment. The Western version underpins a notion of 'occupation', as the activity of an independent self, busily doing, mastering, controlling, gaining victory (...over the others, the environment, the world, the universe). Such notions may appear meaningless, mad, or seriously destructive, when viewed by societies that value social dependence and interdependence, and are “oriented toward a harmonious existence with nature and its circumstances.”

IZUTSU, Satoru, & Powell, Marvin E (1961) Special education of handicapped children in Japan, Exceptional Children 27: 252-59.
Report of six week tour around 20 special schools on three of the major islands. Shows some outcomes of various legal provisions for disabled children instituted during the American military occupation.

JAPAN. Ministry of Welfare. Collection of Laws Under the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of Welfare, Japanese Government December 1, 1951.  Tokyo.  383 pp.
Eugenic Protection Law (No. 156 of 13 July 1948), meant to prevent the increase of “inferior descendants” by removing certain people's reproductive capacity (pp. 21-25). Mental Hygiene Law (No. 123 of 1 May 1950), for management of “psychopaths” and “feeble-minded persons” (pp. 25-34).  Law for the Masseurs, Acupuncturists, Moxa-Cauterists and Judo-Orthopaedists (No. 217 of 20 Dec. 1947), for licensing and control of these professions.  Law for Welfare of Disabled Persons (Law No. 283 of 26 Dec. 1949), establishing definitions (pp. 129-32). Council for Welfare of Disabled Persons, measures for relief, welfare and rehabilitation, and some amendments (pp. 220-29). Establishment of national institutions for blind and disabled people (pp. 230-31).  Child Welfare Law (No. 164 of 12 Dec. 1947) including some provisions for welfare of disabled children (pp. 260-73).

JAPAN. Prime Minister's Office, Headquarters for Promoting the Welfare of Disabled Persons. (1995) The Government Action Plan for Persons with Disabilities. A Seven Year Normalization Strategy. (Tentative edition in English). Tokyo.
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/law/index.html   [scroll down]
Detailed and extensive plan for the period 1995-2002.

JAPAN Church World Service (1958) Welfare Work for the Physically Handicapped in Japan. Tokyo.  v + 98 pp.

JAPANESE Society for Rehabilitation of the Disabled (1989) Realistic Approaches - Looking Ahead Towards Comprehensive Rehabilitation. 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International, Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: JSRD.
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/conf/z00007/z0000701.htm
Online proceedings, giving a great range of papers and abstracts, with participation from East Asian countries. A few items are individually listed (see e.g. Kiyoharu; Kojima; Lam; Shouhachi)

JAPANESE Society for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities (2004) Laws on Disabilities. “The 38 selected Japanese laws related to persons with disabilities.”
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/law/japan/selected38/index.html  

JEON, Chang-Hoon; Kim, Dong-Jae; Kim, Se-Kang; Kim, Dong-Jun; Lee, Hwan-Mo; & Park, Heui-Jeon (2006) Validation in the cross-cultural adaptation of the Oswestry Disability Index. Journal of Korean Medical Science 21: 1092-97.
Efforts were made to obtain semantic, idiomatic, experimental, and conceptual equivalences for adaptation between the England-originating disability index and Korean cultural understanding. Testing was carried out in 116 Korean patients with chronic low back pain, and the Korean ODI was found internally consistent and reliable.

JIN D & Li G (1994) The role of human rights and dignity in the rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients. A rural therapeutic community in Yanblan, Jilin. British Journal of Psychiatry 165 (supplement 24) 121-127.

JOHNSON, Kathryn E (2004) Deaf education in China: 2002 to 2020. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

JUN ISHIKAWA (2004) Japan: the Dawning of a Society for Disability Studies. DisabilityWorld No. 23, April-may 2004.
http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_04/news/japansds.shtml

JUNG YOUNG LEE (1981) Korean Shamanistic Rituals. The Hague: Mouton. xvi + 249 pp.
The P'ansu or male shaman, while peripheral compared with the shamaness (Mudang), is mentioned regularly (pp. 2-4, 9-12, 17, 26, 39, 102, 105-106, 110-111, 120, 130, 144, 153, 155, 175, 180, 211); however, “in a strict sense he is a blind man who specializes in divination and exorcism. He is also called Kyong jaengi” (p. 155). The further name Ch'ambong is given: “There is no clear distinction between P'ansu and Ch'ambong. However, the former does not have to be blind, while the latter is a blind shaman” (p. 105). Blindness appears on pp. 10, 39, 102, 114-116, 188 (ritual for combatting blind spirits, or contagious eye disease), 144, 155, 218 (plate showing the 'pole for the blind spirit'). Hogu, northern deity of smallpox [often a cause of blindness], and treatment of smallpox, are mentioned on pp. xiii, 35, 43, 67, 112, 114, 197. Insanity, psychic trauma, psychoses and neuroses, and treatment efforts, appear on pp. 8, 116-120, 181, 189.

KAIYA, Hisanobu, and Macer, Darryl (1996) Japanese muscular dystrophy families are more accepting of fetal diagnosis than patients. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 6: 103-104.  http://eubios.info/EJ64/EJ64G.htm

KANG, Kyung-Sook & Kim, Yong-Wook (2005) Collaborative system to implement inclusive education in Korean schools. In: Proceedings of Hong Kong Red Cross Special Education & Rehabilitation Service 50th Anniversary International Conference 2004, pp. 43-50. Hong Kong.

KANG, Min-Hui (2006) The Politicisation of Disabled Women in South Korea: a case study investigation. PhD thesis, University of Leeds. vii + 288 pp.

KATO, Daisuke (1996) Education at the Japan Oral School for the Deaf (Nippon Rowa Gakko), Early Child Development and Care 122: 51-62.
Begins with a brief history of the school from its foundation in 1920 at Tokyo (pp. 51-52), as a result of a teacher of the deaf, Lois F Kramer, meeting Dr and Mrs Reischauer, missionaries to Japan whose daughter Felicia had lost her hearing in infancy.

KAWANO-JONES, Akiko & Jones, Eric D (1986) Japanese special education. School Psychology International 7 (3) 133-140.

KAY, Helen (1978) Education of Blind Children in China. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 1/1978, pp. 99‑102.

KEGEL, Thomas (1991) Das Behindertenwesen in der Volksrepublik China. Strukturaspekte und Entwicklungen. Frankfurt: Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.

KENJI ITAYAMA (2002) “Two Decades” for people with disabilities: achievements, future tasks and recommendation for government's policies in Japan. DisabilityWorld No. 14, June-August 2002.
http://www.disabilityworld.org/06-08_02/il/2decades.shtml

KIM, Bok-Lim C & Ryu, Eunjung (2005) Korean families. In: M McGoldrick, J Giordano & N Garcia-Preto (eds) Ethnicity & Family Therapy 349-362. New York: Guilford Press.

KIM, Chin (1975) Parental power under the civil code of the Republic of Korea. Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin 35 (Part I): 623-639.

KIM, Jong In (1999) Social rehabilitation: issues and trends in Korea. International Rehabilitation Review 49 (1/2) 19-21.

KIM, Joung-Kwon & Kim, Byung-ha (2002) The History of Special Education in Korea with photographs: 1894-2002. [English and Korean text in parallel columns]. Seoul; Special Education Publishing Company. 209 pp.

KIM JM, Stewart R, Glozier N, Prince M, Kim SW, Yang SJ, Shin IS, Yoon JS (2005) Physical health, depression and cognitive function as correlates of disability in an older Korean population. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20: 160-167.

KIM SJ & KANG KA (2003) Meaning of life for adolescents with a physical disability in Korea. Journal of Advanced Nursing 43: 145-157.
Interviews were conducted with 88 physically disabled adolescents, to learn their views, against a background of some negative public attitudes towards disability. They find their lives more meaningful when they have the space to live fairly normally.

KIM YH & Jo NK (1999) Community-based rehabilitation in South Korea. Disability & Rehabilitation 21: 484-489.

KIM-RUPNOW, Weol Soon (2005) An Introduction to Korean Culture for Rehabilitation Service Providers. In: JH Stone (ed) Culture and Disability. Providing culturally competent services, pp. 115-138. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.
Designed to inform North American service providers, this chapter includes brief, relevant notes on the “sophisticated mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism and other religions” reflected in traditional Korean cultures and having some impact on beliefs about disability and attitudes toward disabled people.

KIMURA, Rihito (1985) Health care for the elderly in Japan. In: Z Bankowski & JH Bryant (eds) Health Policy, Ethics and Human Values, an international dialogue. Proceedings of the XVIIIth CIOMS Round Table Conference, 184-193. Geneva: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences.
Useful description and analysis of changing paradigms of health care for elderly people in Japan, in four decades after 1945, starting from a baseline of traditional filial piety and respect. In summary, “The emphasis of the policy for the elderly in Japan has shifted from family care to societal care, to free care, to individual self-care, and now finally to mixed care” (p. 191).

KITAHARA, Hitoshi (1971) Current Status and Problems of Special Education in Japan. Tokyo: Ministry of Education.

KIYOHARU SHIRAISHI (1988) Independent Living movements in Japan. (Presented at the 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International, Tokyo, September 1988).
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/conf/z00007/z0000705.htm#A-5-1

KLEINMAN A & Lin T-Y (eds) (1980) Normal and Abnormal Behaviour in Chinese Culture. Dordrecht: Reidel.

KLEINMAN A; Wen-Zhi Wang; Shi-Chuo Li; Xue-Ming Cheng; Xiu-Ying Dai; Kun-Tun Li & Kleinman J (1995) The social course of epilepsy: chronic illness as social experience in interior China. Social Science & Medicine 40 (10) 1319-30.
Detailed study of 80 people's lives with epilepsy, by experienced medical anthropologists, neurologists and other health personnel in Shanxi and Ningxia Provinces, PR China, in 1988. (The sample of 40 in Ningxia included 17 Muslims). The financial costs entailed by epilepsy often weighed heavily on families, especially in the poorer regions. “The social welfare net of communalized life is no longer available to prevent the poorest in China from falling into extreme poverty ... The economic constraints on the social course of epilepsy and other chronic illnesses often means the difference between receiving treatment and not, between remission and relapse.” Families are forced into “humiliating and often unavailing negotiations with creditors, who are themselves under financial pressure.” Persisting traditional notions of epilepsy may cause the family as a whole to suffer stigma and loss of status. “Ideas that attribute the cause of epilepsy to bad fate, heredity, negative geomantic forces, and the malign influences of gods, ghosts or ancestors -- all are accusations against the moral status of the family ... Over the long-term delegitimation is routinized, so that patient and family are regarded as morally bankrupt, and capable of bankrupting others.”

KOBAYASHI I (2007) Web-based disability information resource in Japan. Journal of Technology in Human Services 25 (1/2) 199-200.

KOHRMAN, Matthew (1999) Bodies of difference: experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in modern China. Doctoral dissertation, Dept Anthropology, Harvard University.

KOHRMAN M (1999) Motorcycles for the disabled: mobility, modernity, and the transformation of experience in urban China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 23: 133-155.

KOHRMAN M (1999) Grooming Que zi: marriage exclusion and identity formation among disabled men in contemporary China. American Ethnologist 26: 890-909.
People with perceived disability in China are considerably more likely than average to find themselves in the 4% of adult Chinese who never get married; and disabled men are less likely to get married than disabled women. Kohrman discusses the effects of this form of social exclusion, based on field work in the mid-1990s.

KOHRMAN M (2003) Authorizing a disability agency in post-Mao China: Deng Pufang's story as biomythography. Cultural Anthropology 18: 99-131.

KOHRMAN M (2005) Bodies of Difference: experiences of disability and institutional advocacy in the making of modern China. Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press.  xvii + 285 pp.
Based on anthropological fieldwork in the 1990s, Kohrman examines the changing meanings, concepts and experiences of disability in the recent history of People's Republic of China. Some evolution of moral and ethical parameters can be seen in the practical details of who notices disabled people and gives help, and who ceases to notice. Kohrman notes the production of disability hagiographies (or “biomythography”, p. 36; see previous listed item), and of “speaking bitterness” narratives of suffering. In a period of rapid, almost chaotic modernisation the focus is largely urban, but Kohrman provides some ethnographic observation of disabled people living in great poverty in rural areas. Under Chairman Mao, the old kin-based mutual support system had been replaced by communal production teams, basic health clinics that provided practically free services to local populations, and official encouragement of an ethos of voluntary neighbourly service. As national economic policies changed, the free health services crumbled and the communal ethos was increasingly replaced by competitive individualism, while the old kinship obligations had practically disappeared. Urban disabled people had begun to develop 'identity' groupings to campaign for formal assistance and to benefit from informal mutual support; but this was hardly feasible for the relatively isolated  rural disabled, who could find themselves stranded in serious poverty, benefitting from neither the traditional family or communal resources, nor their (temporary) ideological replacement. Kohrman perceives an uneasiness about the perceived “growing field of unmet moral responsibility”, much beyond the needs of disabled people (pp. 211-212). However, he emphasises the huge complexity and variety of practice across the vast nation.

KOHRMAN M (2007) Why am I not disabled? Making state subjects, making statistics in post-Mao China. In: B Ingstad & SR Whyte (eds) Disability in Local and Global Worlds, 212-236. Berkeley: University of California Press.  (Republished with permission, from Medical Anthropology Quarterly (2003) 17: 5-24).
Describes some of the background pressures and politics behind China's 1987 National Sample Survey of Disabled People, including the consternation of officials on learning that 'only' 4.9% of the sample qualified as 'disabled'. (They had been hoping for something more like the artificial figure of '10%' which some United Nations agencies had been circulating, even though it was known to be quite meaningless in practice, and merely caused a lot of countries to distort the data they reported).

KOJIMA, Yoko (1976) Discrimination of the disabled and seeking ways out. Japan Christian Quarterly 42: 162-168.
Points out various ways in which traditional religious teaching in Japan has underpinned negative, superstitious and discriminatory beliefs about people with disabilities, and reinforced conformity to social norms that tended to exclude those whose body or mind was made on a different design. Some possible solutions are stated briefly, such as mutual support organisations for disabled people and their family members, use of the mass media, and educating children toward a different point of view.

KOJIMA Y (1988) Analytic Report on Socio-Vocational Integration of Disabled Women in Japan: a national research project for the ILO. Office of Social Rehabilitation Research. 153 pp.

KOJIMA Y (1988) Strategies to improve socio-vocational integration of disabled women in Japan.
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/conf/z00007/z0000713.htm#A-13-1
(Paper derived from the previous item).

KOLUCKI, Barbara (1989) Developing Strategies for Communications about Disability: experiences in the U.S., Hong Kong, India and Pakistan. New York: World Rehabilitation Fund. viii + 67 pp.
In the Hong Kong section (pp. 9-21), Kolucki describes activities in which she engaged between 1982 and 1989, using a wide variety of media and working with children, disabled people, rehabilitation and social service professionals, artists and media people, towards better communications about disability.

KOREA. Child Welfare Committee - Children's Survey Sub-Committee (1961- )  Handicapped Children's Survey Report, Korea. Seoul.

KUGOH T (1998) Quality of life research in adults with epilepsy in Japan. Clinical Therapeutics 20 (supplement A) A48-A57.

KUO, Wei-Fan and Fering, Jia-Junn (1971) Country Report: Special Education Programme in Taiwan. Taipei: Research Institute of Education, National Taiwan Normal University.

KWOK, Joseph KF (1992) Community based rehabilitation and people with mental retardation and their families and communities in Hong Kong. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. xiv + 431 pp.

KWOK, Joseph (ed.) [1996] Proceedings of the Japan-Hong Kong Conference on Employment of Persons with a Disability, December 1995. Hong Kong: Joint Council for the Physically and Mentally Disabled. 116 pp.

KWOK JKF; Chan, Raymond KH & Chan WT (2002) Self-Help Organizations of People With Disabilities in Asia.  Westport, CT, and London: Auburn House. xii + 191 pp.
Reports and discusses a survey of the views of 300 people in leadership positions in national or provincial organisations in China, Hong Kong, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam, concerning the development, functioning, activities, policies and ambitions of those organisations, and the issues that concern them.

KWON JI-YOUNG (2005) Korea: Disabled hope for infrastructure for support. The Korea Herald, 2005-05-19. http://www.independentliving.org/docs7/ji-young2005019.html

LAM, Hou-hueng (1986) Planning for welfare under uncertainty: future development strategy of the Hong Kong Association for the Blind facing 1997. MSc thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

LAM SF (1988) Urban Community Based Rehabilitation. (Presented at the 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International).
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/conf/z00007/z0000704.htm#A-4-3

LAU, Wai-yue, Theresa (1987) The integration of blind students in Hong Kong secondary schools. MEd thesis, University of Hong Kong. xiv + 257 pp.

LEE, Evelyn & Mock, Matthew R (2005, 3rd edition) Chinese families. In: M McGoldrick, J Giordano & N Garcia-Preto (eds) Ethnicity & Family Therapy 302-318. New York: Guilford Press.
Briefly runs through some major cultural features of Chinese immigrant families in the USA, relevant to social and psychological pressures, and appropriate responses by the therapist.

LEE S, Yoo S & Bak S (2003) Characteristics of friendships between children with and without mild disabilities. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities 38 (2) 157-166.
Reports and discusses a study of formally observed play and social behaviours in friendships between children with and without disabilities in regular classes of ordinary elementary schools of Seoul and Inchon, Korea. Fifteen children with mild intellectual disabilities engaged in specified activities with friends of normal ability, and a comparison group was observed comprising children in one-to-one friendships in which both parties were of normal ability. Differences were observed between the children's mutual interactions in the two groups. Among peers of normal ability there was a balance of reciprocal interaction. The interaction with disabled children involved more of a helping or tutoring role on the part of the children of normal ability, which made it harder to maintain friendship.

LEE S-A (2002) What we confront with employment of people with epilepsy in Korea. Epilepsia 46 (supplement 1) 57-58.

LEE, Seong-Gyu (1997) Disability and employment in South Korea. PhD Thesis, University of London.

LEE, Tatia MC; Yang, Serena HC; & Ng, Philip KK (2001) Epilepsy in Chinese culture. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 29: 181-184. [Letter to the Editor]

LEE Y & SHINKAI S (2003) A comparison of correlates of self-rated health and functional disability in the Far East: Japan and Korea. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 37: 63-76.

LEE, Ye-ja (2000) Korean women with disabilities and human rights. DisabilityWorld No. 4, August-September 2000.
http://www.disabilityworld.org/Aug-Sept2000/Women/korea.html

LETENDRE, Gerald K & Shimizu, Hidetada (1999) Towards a healing society: perspectives from Japanese special education. In: H Daniels & P Garner (eds) Inclusive Education. Supporting inclusion in education systems. World Yearbook of Education 1999, 115-129. London: Kogan Page.
The authors visited special education classes in ordinary Japanese schools, and reflect critically on their own responses to what they saw and how it sometimes differed from what the teachers were aiming to do. They entered a new plane of awareness of the moral and sociological currents in Japanese society, where the 'group-centred' and homogenizing cultural traditions are in tension with some strongly individual-needs-oriented practice. Citing the work of Kenzaburo Oë, they recognise the complexities in trying to describe various trends towards opening up some traditionally 'closed' and 'excluding' aspects of Japanese society so as to provide appropriate educational opportunities, while also accommodating parental wishes which may favour different routes for disabled people to live in society. Also mentioned is the remarkable educator Kobayashi Sosaku, whose school was established in 1937, welcoming “a range of differently abled students ... because of his strong belief in the goodness of all children”.

LEUNG, Mon-on, Simon (1988) A job club in Hong Kong for persons with visual impairment: a study of the process and outcome of a client-centered approach in placement. PhD thesis, Michigan State University. vi + 145 pp.

LEW J (1960) Leprosy in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal 1: 77-93.

LEW, Joon (1992) Leprosy in Korea, past and present: a model for the healing of leprosy in Korea. Korea Observer 23 (2) 197-213.

LEWIS, John; Chong-Lau, Stella & LO, Julianne YC (1997) Disability, curriculum and integration in China. European Journal of Special Needs Education 12 (2) 95-106.

LI, EP (2000) The school-to-work transition of people with mental handicap in Hong Kong. Work 14 (3) 217-227.
Detailed interviews were conducted with young people in Hong Kong having mental retardation.

LI Hongtai & Shen Jiayin (1981) Sounds from silence. China's deaf children find a voice. UNESCO Courier (June 1981) p. 26.

LIAN, Ming-Gon John (2004) Inclusive education: theory and practice. Hong Kong Special Education Forum 7 (1) 57-74.

LIN KEH-MING (1981) Traditional Chinese medical beliefs and their relevance for mental illness and psychiatry. In: A Kleinman & TY Lin (eds) Normal and Abnormal Behaviour in Chinese Culture, 95-111. Dordrecht: Reidel.

LIN T & Lin M (1981) Love, denial and rejection. Responses of Chinese families to mental illness. In: A Kleinman & T Lin (eds) Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture, 387-401. Dordrecht: Reidel.

LIN YAN (2006) Overview of preventing visual impairment by fighting against avoidable blindness in China. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal 17 (2) 34-42.  http://www.aifo.it/english/resources/online/apdrj/journal.htm
A senior advisor at the China Rehabilitation Research Centre gives data on the development of resources for eye surgery, and particularly the major drive to prevent cataract, which blinds up to 400,000 Chinese people every year, particularly in the rural areas. Preventive measures have developed slowly, often with poor results. Most rural workers must pay their own medical and surgical costs. For cataract removal, “the surgical cost alone equals two to four years of their annual income. Not surprisingly they cannot afford to access the service.” The government is trying to address the situation, and needs to find low-cost strategies that are affordable to the rural people. [See annotation to Kohrman (above) and Qiu Renzong (below), for background debate on cost, access, ethical and moral responsibility.]

LIU, Gloria Zhang (2005) Chinese Culture and Disability: information for U.S. service providers. In: JH Stone (ed.) Culture and Disability. Providing culturally competent services, pp. 65-85. Thousand Oaks, Ca.: Sage.
Amidst other cultural information, the author suggests the ongoing influences of religions in mainland China, noting that Chinese people “value their own culture and religion, but they are open and pragmatic towards the religions and cultures of others” (p. 66) and detailing the “Role of Religion” (pp. 76-78) in this “multi-religious country”, where Buddhism, Christianity and Taoism are practised. The continuing widespread influence of Confucianism is noted (p. 74, 77), while acknowledging that “Confucian thought and religion were banned” (p. 71) after the Communist party took power in 1949. Discussing Chinese concepts of disability (pp. 68-70), mention is made of “punishment for the disabled person's sins in a past life or the sins of the person's parents”, and seeking religious rituals as a solution to disease or disability. Mental illness may, in some cases, also be attributed to “evil spirits or punishment from god(s)”. No data is given for the prevalence of such views.

LU Y & Zhou D (1991) A survey of quality of life for the disabled in Guangzhou. In: Proceedings of the Pacific Regional Leadership Seminar on Community Based Rehabilitation, 39-44. Hong Kong: Rehabilitation International Regional Committee for Asia and the Pacific.

LU Yi-Chuang (1978) The collective approach to psychiatric practice in the People's Republic of China. Social Problems 26: 2-14.

LU, Yiyi (2003) The Limitations of NGOs: a preliminary study of non-governmental social welfare organisations in China. CCS International Working Paper no. 13, London School of Economics.  23 pp.
http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/publications/iwp/Default.htm
The paper is mainly based on non-governmental organisations in Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai, that provide services to disabled children and their families. The functioning of these local NGOs tends to be hampered by the universal problems of factionalism. A major problem is that they cannot officially do anything without being registered, and the government is unwilling to register any new organisation dealing with disability, because the China Disabled Persons' Federation already exists, and supposedly caters for all non-government concerns with disability.

LYTLE, Richard R; Johnson, Kathryn E & Yang Jun Hui (2005/2006) Deaf education in China: history, current issues, and emerging deaf voices. American Annals of the Deaf 150 (5) 457-469.
Useful overview of the topics listed in the title, mostly from English-language sources. [On the historical side, the authors mention early references to sign language in China in connection with a French Catholic school for the deaf at Shanghai, begun in 1897. An earlier reference appears in Syle, 1852b, below.]

MACDONALD, Laurence (2006) Curriculum Reform as a Reflection of Tradition and Change: Japanese Teachers Approaches to Dimensions of Difference via the Integrated Curriculum.  PhD dissertation, University of Maryland.
https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/bitstream/1903/3447/1/umi-umd-3266.pdf
Based on 17 months' field work in Japan, with observations of integrated curriculum activities in 60 public schools, monitoring ways in which students were confronted with dimensions of human difference. Disability is one of the topics treated (pp. 56-58), with deaf or disabled people speaking to students about their lives and activities in pursuit of rights and universal design.

MARG E (1977) Sight and society in the People's Republic of China. Social Science and Medicine 11 (3) 145‑155.

MASAO TAJIMA (1988) The present state and issues of the hard of hearing movement in Japan. (Presented at the 16th World Congress of Rehabilitation International).
http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/conf/z00007/z0000713.htm#A-13-2
Describes some of the ongoing public confusion about deafness and hearing impairment, and the need to differentiate the diverse membership of the 'hard of hearing' group, so that various appropriate measures can be taken.

MATSUI, Ryosuke (1994) Employment measures for persons with disabilities in Japan: recent developments. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 17: 368-372.

McCABE, Helen (2001) Early intervention for children with autism in the People's Republic of China: a focus on parent training. Journal of International Special Needs Education 4: 39-43.

McCABE H (2003) The beginnings of inclusion in the People's Republic of China. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 28 (1) 16-22.

McCURRY, Justin (2004) Japanese leprosy patients continue to fight social stigma. Lancet 363: 544.

MING, Guo (1993) Demographic features of people with disabilities in China. Disability, Handicap and Society 8: 211-214.

MITCHELL RA; Zhuo, Dahong & Watts GH (1989) Emerging patterns of disability distribution in developing countries. International Disability Studies 11: 145-48.
Epidemiological study based at Jin Hua Street CBR project, Guangzhou City.

MORIOKA, Masahiro (1995) Bioethics and Japanese culture: brain death, patients' rights, and cultural factors. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 5: 87-90.  http://eubios.info/EJ54/EJ54E.htm
While having little specific concern with disability, Morioka argues strongly for the importance of Japanese cultural factors being understood and to some extent taken into account in bioethical decisions within Japan.

MORIOKA M (2002) Disability movement and inner eugenic thought: a philosophical aspect of Independent Living and bioethics. Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics 12: 94-97.  http://eubios.info/EJ123/ej123e.htm

MORISHIMA, Akira (1974) “Another Van Gogh of Japan”: the superior artwork of a retarded boy. Exce